‘Deception ( misinformation ) in War
Although the use of fraud in any action is detestable, yet in the combat of war it is praiseworthy and glorious. And a man who uses fraud to overcome his enemy is praised, just as much as he who overcomes his enemy by force. Machiavelli 1531
Joseph W. Caddell discusses five types of deception ( misinformation ) in his December 2004 monograph Deception 101 - Primer on deception:
- Strategic Deception: Deception which disguises your basic objectives, intentions, strategies, and capabilities.
- Operational Deception: Deception which confuses or diverts an adversary in regard to a specific operation or action you are preparing to conduct.
- Tactical Deception: Deception which misleads others while they are actively involved in competition with you, your interests, or your forces.
- “A” Type Deception: “Ambiguity Deception” geared toward creating general confusion.
- “M” Type Deception: “Misleading Deception” designed to mislead an adversary into a specific and preconceived direction.
Selected Political Writings
Reckless Rumors, Misinformation and Doomsday Delusions
There Is Confusion (Northeastern Library of Black Literature)
Confusion, La (II parte) (Spanish Edition)